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Hi, Thomas. The Great wheel uses the needled design with no orifice. The Castle wheel uses the orificed mandrel design. These wheels where being used along side one another since the medieval times. According to my research, The Castle wheel design dates back to medieval times. Like the nut and bolt. From wooden tap to die to metal tap to die and nut and bolt. There are ways of softer metals and tool steel to cut that second orifice on a lathe(such as carburizing), otherwise the modern metal nut and bolt would never have sprung up as something that is now ubiquitous. Like Japanese concepts of black smithing or even damascus, since both are forge welding a tool steel onto a softer steel with more tensile strength. But a lathe is wood working in that time frame. I dont see the tolerance of a ram in a lathe being there. I think what is happening is attempts to explain away something that the original medieval blacksmith found simple with some sort of trick. The big trick to a blacksmith is hot and cold. The only way to prove either side is looking into the mandrel orifice for marks that suggest the tool marks. But, in my view, The only point there is to disprove the lathe theory. But the thread on the end of the spindle to attach the whirl suggests they had leveled their skillset to metal on metal threading dies. Hello, TwistedWillow, I am most passionate about this because from mandrel to wheel.I feel something was lost here and I feel that knowledge may have been lost in world wars as cottage industries that originally developed in ancient guilds as wood working guilds would have had to work closely with blacksmithing guilds and here, it intersects with textile production. With a drill press and/or a stick welder or machinist lathe, I think you could knock something out similar enough all day. I just dont think its accurate to its development.

Alright:What if its one piece? What if the little divot, the small concave that looks like a spoon occurring adjacent to the eye, Is a tool mark from hammering the flat (or square). Punching the eye hole Then shoving the end into a mold, like a hardy hole, and driving a punch from the eyelet hole down, Simultaneously forming the bore for the orifice and collar (against the face of the hardy hole mold), while leaving that beauty mark. Similar to how I suspect a nail header or bolt header for a hardy hole would be made, except with the shaft in your way as a handle. Someone in Latvia is or was hammering it to a sheet then forming it around bar stock and forge welding for the orifice. Leaving the tell tales of a forged weld seem and only 1 arm connecting the shaft to the orifice. The stick welding of 2 units kind of broke down when I rewatched it and it's a piece of pipe and metal rod connected by a washer. The above possibilty, I think, would be quick and dirty and knock them out, with low tooling for a blacksmith Then only using a pole lathe or treadle lathe to taper the other end of the shaft. Then thread with a screw box. I think this would work to get an exact replica and conform to economy of motion and financial economy of this thing probably costing you a few bucks and being made by the same guy bashing heads on nails and precision steel lathing not conforming with the time frame of the invention.

Something isn't right here. Please see "black smith how to make a hollow hole punch". In economy of motion, You can just hammer out the hips in the forge then bore the shaft, for the spinning wheel orifice, and when the drill bit pops through to the hips, the second hole is produced. But that's not what's going on here. This is all cottage industry, so we're probably looking at 4 separate examples where no one figured out you can do this. Or, boring with a lathe isn't how its done. The one example available of a guy building a spinning wheel that details the building of the flyer shaft and orifice assembly. He takes it to a guy with a stick welder, presumably to weld the spindle portion to the orifice. Its hard to tell because the footage is grainy. But in the flyer the orifice does not need to be connected to the spindle shaft. The can be separate pieces, but this makes it harder as you have to center everything up with those as separate components. But it shows there's difficulty sorting this out, if people where willing to go to the lengths of not joining them and instead fighting tolerances to a possible wobbly flyer. If modern cottage is saying theyre 2 pieces by stick welding them, examples of not joining them are suggesting theyre 2 pieces, Not using economy of motion to create 2 holes for the price of one in these examples are saying theyre 2 pieces. My gut is telling me theyre 2 pieces. The orifice portions is looking alot like a black smith nail header that fits into a hardy hole for forging heads on railroad spikes. This makes the orifice portion with no lathe. the second hole in the shaft looks obviously forge punched. But then how to join them? Braze or bronze welded or forge welding? Perhaps I'm wrong and its a single piece thats orifice is forged like a blacksmith nail header thru a hardy hole then punch the second hole. Im not buying the lathe hypothesis. If you had a lathe, you'd be making brass cannons. These are cottage industry junk items that might fetch $5. Like you could knock them out quickly with low quality tooling.